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Co-founder of Ethereum, Vitalik Buterin, expressed that the development of layer 2 (L2) networks is becoming outdated. He urged developers to implement innovative concepts and strengthen their connection with Ethereum, rather than merely creating basic replicas linked by bridges.
Buterin likened the establishment of new L2 networks to an endless cycle of replicating previous decentralized finance (DeFi) projects, stating that this hinders the advancement of blockchain technology. With the recent Dencun update, the Ethereum mainnet can now handle a greater volume of transactions at reduced costs. This indicates a diminished necessity for layer 2 networks aimed at lowering transaction fees. The low fees that previously encouraged users to adopt L2 are now available on the main blockchain, leading to an increase in activity within Ethereum.
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According to TokenTerminal, in mid-2025, the monthly active user count on layer 2 networks reached 58.4 million, while by February 2026, this figure had decreased to 30 million. During the same timeframe, the number of active users on the Ethereum mainnet doubled from 7 million to 15 million.
To avoid being mere replicas of Ethereum, Buterin suggested that new layer 2 networks should develop distinctive features. For instance, this could include enhanced user privacy, a tailored environment for applications, rapid transaction speeds, or specific use cases for institutions requiring verifiable records. Furthermore, projects should leverage Ethereum’s technology rather than simply adopting its name for marketing purposes.
Buterin envisions a solution in the creation of rollups that are closely integrated with Ethereum to enhance security and record-keeping while performing tasks off-chain. Additionally, independent blockchains could utilize Ethereum as a notary and publish verifiable data proofs for transparency, even if these blockchains operate autonomously.
Recently, Buterin encouraged digital artists and content creators to issue unique author tokens to improve their engagement with audiences on decentralized platforms. Previously, the Ethereum creator had urged developers to “clean up the network from junk.”
